![]() These things one ought to consider most attentively, and concerning the waters which the inhabitants use, whether they be marshy and soft, or hard, and running from elevated and rocky situations, and then if saltish and unfit for cooking and the ground, whether it be naked and deficient in water, or wooded and well watered, and whether it lies in a hollow, confined situation, or is elevated and cold and the mode in which the inhabitants live, and what are their pursuits, whether they are fond of drinking and eating to excess, and given to indolence, or are fond of exercise and labor, and not given to excess in eating and drinking. In the same manner, when one comes into a city to which he is a stranger, he ought to consider its situation, how it lies as to the winds and the rising of the sun for its influence is not the same whether it lies to the north or the south, to the rising or to the setting sun. We must also consider the qualities of the waters, for as they differ from one another in taste and weight, so also do they differ much in their qualities. Then the winds, the hot and the cold, especially such as are common to all countries, and then such as are peculiar to each locality. Whoever wishes to investigate medicine properly, should proceed thus: in the first place to consider the seasons of the year, and what effects each of them produces for they are not at all alike, but differ much from themselves in regard to their changes. In the fifth or fourth century BC, Hippocrates wrote about the effects of the environs over the human diseases: ![]() It was also initially believed that miasmas were propagated through worms from ulcers within those affected by a plague. Such infection was not passed between individuals but would affect individuals within the locale that gave rise to such vapors. The miasmatic position was that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that caused illnesses. Views worldwide Book of Sebastian Petrycy published in Kraków in 1613 about prevention against "bad air". The idea also gave rise to the name malaria (literally 'bad air') through medieval Italian. The word miasma comes from ancient Greek and though conceptually, there is no word in English that has the same exact meaning, it can be loosely translated as 'stain' or 'pollution'. It also encouraged the construction of well-ventilated hospital facilities, schools and other buildings. However, cultural beliefs about getting rid of odor made the clean-up of waste a high priority for cities. The theory was eventually abandoned by scientists and physicians after 1880, replaced by the germ theory of disease: specific germs, not miasma, caused specific diseases. and accepted from ancient times in Europe and China. The miasma theory was advanced by Hippocrates in the fourth century B.C. ![]() one could become obese by inhaling the odor of food. Though miasma theory is typically associated with the spread of contagious diseases, some academics in the early nineteenth century suggested that the theory extended to other conditions as well, e.g. ![]() The theory held that epidemics were caused by miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases-such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death-were caused by a miasma ( μίασμα, Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air. An 1831 color lithograph by Robert Seymour depicts cholera as a robed, skeletal creature emanating a deadly black cloud. For the song by Jamie Woon, see Night Air.
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